Irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gut disorder. The cause is not known. Symptomscan be quite variable and include abdominal pain, bloating, and sometimes bouts of diarrhoeaand/or constipation. Symptoms tend to come and go. There is no cure for IBS, but symptomscan often be eased with treatment.
What is irritable bowel syndrome and who gets it? Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional disorder of the gut. (The gut includes the bowels.) Afunctional disorder means there is a problem with the function of a part of the body, but there is noabnormality in the structure. So, in IBS, the function of the gut is upset, but all parts of the gut look normal,even when looked at under a microscope. IBS causes various symptoms (listed below). Up to 1 in 5 peoplein the UK develops IBS at some stage in their life. IBS can affect anyone at any age, but it commonly firstdevelops in young adults and teenagers. IBS is twice as common in women as in men.
What are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome? Pain and discomfort may occur in different parts of the abdomen. Pain usually comes and goes.
The length of each bout of pain can vary greatly. The pain often eases when you pass stools
(motions or faeces) or wind. Many people with IBS describe the pain as a spasm or colic. The
severity of the pain can vary from mild to severe, both from person to person, and from time to
time in the same person.
Bloating and swelling of your abdomen may develop from time to time. You may pass more wind
than usual.
Stools (sometimes called motions or faeces):
Some people have bouts of , and some have bouts of .
Some people have bouts of diarrhoea that alternate with bouts of constipation.
Sometimes the stools become small and pellet-like. Sometimes the stools becomewatery or ribbony. At times, mucus may be mixed with the stools.
You may have a feeling of not emptying your rectum after going to the toilet.
Some people have urgency, which means you have to get to the toilet quickly. A morningrush is common. That is, you feel an urgent need to go to the toilet several times shortlyafter getting up. This is often during and after breakfast.
Other symptoms sometimes occur and include: nausea (feeling sick), headache, belching, poor
appetite, tiredness, backache, muscle pains, feeling quickly full after eating, heartburn, and
bladder symptoms (an associated irritable bladder).
Some people have occasional mild symptoms. Others have unpleasant symptoms for long periods. Manypeople fall somewhere in between, with flare-ups of symptoms from time to time. Some doctors grouppeople with IBS into one of three categories: Those with abdominal pain or discomfort, and the other symptoms are mainly bloating andconstipation.
Those with abdominal pain or discomfort, and the other symptoms are mainly urgency to get to thetoilet, and diarrhoea.
Those who alternate between constipation and diarrhoea.
However, in practice, many people will not fall neatly into any one category, and considerable overlapoccurs.
Note: passing blood is not a symptom of IBS. You should tell a doctor if you pass blood.
There is no test that confirms the diagnosis of IBS. A doctor can usually diagnose IBS from the typicalsymptoms.
However, a blood sample is commonly taken to do some tests to help rule out other conditions such asulcers, colitis, coeliac disease, gut infections, etc. The symptoms of these other diseases can sometimesbe confused with IBS. Tests done on the sample of blood commonly include: (FBC) - to rule out anaemia, which is associated with various gut disorders.
or C-reactive protein (CRP) - which can show if there isinflammation in the body (which does not occur with IBS).
Antibody testing for.
More complicated tests such as (a look into the bowel with a special telescope) are not usuallyneeded. However, they may be done if symptoms are not typical, or if you develop symptoms of IBS inlater life (over the age of about 45) when other conditions need to be ruled out.
The cause is not clear. It may have something to do with overactivity of part or parts of the gut. The gut is along muscular tube that goes from the mouth to the anus. The small and large bowel (also called the smalland large intestine) are parts of the gut inside the abdomen. Food is passed along by regular contractions(squeezes) of the muscles in the wall of the gut. Pain and other symptoms may develop if the contractionsbecome abnormal or overactive. The area of overactivity in the gut may determine whether constipation ordiarrhoea develops. The cause of overactivity in parts of the gut is not clear. One or more of the following may play a part: Overactivity of the nerves or muscles of the gut . It is not knownwhy this may occur. It may have something to do with overactivity ofmessages sent from the brain to the gut. Stress or emotional upsetmay play a role. About half of people with IBS can relate the start ofsymptoms to a stressful event in their life. Symptoms tend tobecome worse during times of stress or anxiety.
Intolerance to certain foods may play a part in some cases.
However, this is thought to be only in a small number of cases.
Infection and bacteria in the gut. IBS is not caused by an ongoinggut infection. However, in about 1 in 6 cases, the onset of symptomsseems to follow a bout of gastroenteritis (a gut infection which cancause diarrhoea and vomiting). So, perhaps a virus or other germmay sensitise or trigger the gut in some way to cause persistingsymptoms of IBS.
Also, in some cases, symptoms get worse after taking a course ofantibiotics. Antibiotics kill certain harmless or good bacteria in thegut, which changes the balance of bacterial types in the gut.
What are the treatments for irritable bowel syndrome? Many people are reassured that their condition is IBS, and not something more serious such as colitis.
Simply understanding about IBS may help you to be less anxious about the condition, which may ease theseverity of symptoms. Symptoms often settle for long periods without any treatment. In some cases,symptoms are mild and do not require treatment.
If symptoms are more troublesome or frequent, one or more of the following treatment options may beadvised: Fibre
The advice about fibre in treating IBS has changed somewhat over the years. Fibre (roughage - and other
bulking agents) is the part of the food which is not absorbed into the body. It remains in your gut, and is a
main part of faeces (stools). There is a lot of fibre in fruit, vegetables, cereals, wholemeal bread, etc. It
used to be said that eating a high-fibre diet was good at easing IBS symptoms. Then various research
studies showed that a high-fibre diet can, in some cases, make IBS worse. So, one guideline on IBS (from
Prodigy - cited at the end) states that 'high-fibre diets are not recommended for people with IBS'. But since
that guideline was published, a review of treatments for IBS (Ford et al - cited at the end) concluded that
fibre was good at easing symptoms in some people with IBS. But, another review (Ruepert et al - cited at
the end) concluded that 'there is no evidence that bulking agents are effective for treating IBS'. So, the role
of fibre can be confusing!
What seems to be the case is that the type of fibre is probably important . There are two main types offibre - soluble fibre (which dissolves in water) and insoluble fibre. It is soluble fibre rather than insolublefibre that seems to help ease symptoms in some cases. So, if you increase fibre, have more soluble fibreand try to minimise the insoluble fibre.
Dietary sources of soluble fibre include oats, ispaghula (psyllium), nuts and seeds, some fruit andvegetables and pectins. A fibre supplement called ispaghula powder is also available frompharmacies and health food shops. The recent review of treatments for IBS by Ford et al -mentioned earlier - mentions ispaghula as the fibre supplement that seems to be the mostbeneficial.
Insoluble fibre is chiefly found in corn (maize) bran, wheat bran and some fruit and vegetables. Inparticular, avoid bran as a fibre supplement.
Foods, drinks and lifestyle
A healthy diet is important for all of us. However, some people with IBS find certain foods of a normal
healthy diet can trigger symptoms or make symptoms worse. Current national guidelines about IBS include
the following points about diet, which may help to minimise symptoms:
Have regular meals and take time to eat at a leisurely pace.
Avoid missing meals or leaving long gaps between eating.
Drink at least eight cups of fluid per day, especially water or other non-caffeinated drinks such asherbal teas. This helps to keep the faeces (stools) soft and easy to pass along the gut.
Restrict tea and coffee to three cups per day (as caffeine may be a factor in some people).
Restrict the amount of fizzy drinks that you have to a minimum.
Don't drink too much alcohol. (Some people report an improvement in symptoms when they cutdown from drinking a lot of alcohol, or stop smoking if they smoke.)Consider limiting intake of high-fibre food (but see the section above where an increase may helpin some cases).
Limit fresh fruit to three portions (of 80 g each) per day.
If you have diarrhoea, avoid sorbitol, an artificial sweetener found in sugar-free sweets (includingchewing gum) and in drinks, and in some diabetic and slimming products.
If you have a lot of wind and bloating, consider increasing your intake of oats (for example, oat-based breakfast cereal or porridge) and linseeds (up to one tablespoon per day). You can buylinseeds from health food shops.
Individual food intolerance Some people with IBS find that one or more individual foods can triggersymptoms, or make symptoms worse (food intolerance or sensitivity). If you are not sure if a food iscausing symptoms, it may be worth discussing this with a doctor who may refer you to a dietician. Adietician may be able to advise on an exclusion diet. For example, one meat, one fruit, and one vegetable.
Then, advise on adding in different foods gradually to your diet to see if any cause the symptoms. It may bepossible to identify one or more foods that cause symptoms. This can be a tedious process, and often noproblem food is found. However, some people say that they have identified one or more foods that causesymptoms, and then can control symptoms by not eating them.
The foods that are most commonly reported to cause IBS symptoms in the UK are: wheat (in bread andcereals), rye, barley, dairy products, coffee (and other caffeine-rich drinks such as tea and cola), andonions.
Probiotics Probiotics are nutritional supplements that contain good bacteria. That is, bacteria that normallylive in the gut and seem to be beneficial. Taking probiotics may increase the good bacteria in the gut whichmay help to ward off bad bacteria that may have some effect on causing IBS symptoms. You can buyprobiotic capsules (various brands) from pharmacies. The dose is on the product label. You can also buyfoods that contain probiotic bacteria. These include certain milk drinks, yoghurts, cheeses, frozen yoghurts,and ice creams. They may be labelled as 'probiotic', 'containing bacterial cultures', or 'containing livebacteria'. There is some evidence that taking probiotics may help to ease symptoms in some people with IBS. Atpresent, there are various bacteria that are used in probiotic products. Further research is needed to clarifythe role of probiotics and which one or ones are most helpful. In the meantime, if you want to try probiotics,you should keep to the same brand of probiotic-containing product for at least four weeks to monitor theeffect. Perhaps try a different probiotic for at least a further four weeks if the first one made no difference.
Other lifestyle factors Regular exercise may also help to ease symptoms. Stress and other emotionalfactors may trigger symptoms in some people. So, anything that can reduce your level of stress oremotional upset may help.
It may help to keep a food and lifestyle diary for 2-4 weeks to monitor symptoms and activities. Noteeverything that you eat and drink, times that you were stressed, and when you took any formal exercise.
This may identify triggers, such as a food, alcohol, or emotional stresses, and may show if exercise helpsto ease or to prevent symptoms.
Antispasmodic medicines
These are medicines that relax the muscles in the wall of the gut. Your doctor may advise one if you have
spasm-type pains. There are several types of. For example, mebeverine, hyoscine and
peppermint oil. They work in slightly different ways. Therefore, if one does not work well, it is worth trying a
different one. If one is found to help, then you can take it as required when pain symptoms flare-up. Many
people take an antispasmodic medicine for a week or so at a time to control pain when bouts of pain flare
up. Some people take a dose before meals if pains tend to develop after eating. Note: pains may ease with
medication but may not go away completely.
Treating constipation
Constipation is sometimes a main symptom of IBS. If so, it may help if you increase your fibre as
discussed earlier (that is, with soluble fibre such as ispaghula). Sometimes are advised for short
periods if increasing fibre is not enough to ease a troublesome bout of constipation.
Treating diarrhoea
An antidiarrhoeal medicine may be useful if diarrhoea is a main symptom. Loperamide is the most
commonly used antidiarrhoeal medicine for IBS. You can buy this at pharmacies (but it is quite expensive).
You can also get it on prescription which may be more cost-effective if you need to take it regularly.
The dose of loperamide needed to control diarrhoea varies considerably. Many people use loperamide asrequired but some take it regularly. Many people learn to take a dose of loperamide in advance when theyfeel diarrhoea is likely to be a problem. For example, before going out to places where they know it may bedifficult to find a toilet.
Antidepressant medicines
An antidepressant medicine in the is sometimes used to treat IBS. In particular, it tends to
work best if pain and diarrhoea are the main symptoms. (Tricyclic antidepressants have other actions
separate to their action on depression. They are used in a variety of painful conditions, including IBS.)
Unlike antispasmodics, you need to take an antidepressant regularly rather than as required. Therefore, anantidepressant is usually only advised if you have persistent symptoms, or frequent bad flare-ups that havenot been helped by other treatments.
Psychological treatments (talking treatments)
Situations such as family problems, work stress, examinations, recurring thoughts of previous abuse, etc,
may trigger symptoms of IBS in some people. People with anxious personalities may find symptoms
difficult to control.
The relationship between the mind, brain, nervous impulses, and overactivity of internal organs such as thegut is complex. Some people have found hypnotherapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, relaxationtechniques, stress counselling, psychotherapy and similar therapies useful in controlling symptoms of IBS.
However, the evidence of benefit from research trials for some of these treatments is mixed (see thereferences cited at the end). Psychological treatments are generally mainly considered in people with moderate-to-severe IBS, whenother treatments have failed. Or, when it seems that stress or psychological factors are contributing tocausing symptoms. However, some of these treatments may not be available on the NHS in your area, orthere may be long waiting lists.
Promising newer treatments
Various other treatments show promise. For example:
Studies have shown that certain Chinese herbal medicines may help to ease symptoms in somecases. However, more research is needed to clarify their safety and usefulness.
One recent research trial studied people with IBS who took a drug called rifaximin for two weeks.
The results showed that there was a good chance that symptoms (particularly pain and bloating)would ease for up to three months in people with IBS who did not have constipation. Rifaximin isan antibiotic but mainly stays in the gut and very little is absorbed into the body. The theory is that itmay kill some bacteria in the gut that may have some role in IBS. It is an expensive drug and sofurther research is needed to clarify its role in IBS.
Newer medicines that affect certain functions of the gut are also being developed and maybecome useful treatments in the future.
Assess your symptoms - perhaps keep a diary As you can see from the above section, there are many different treatments that may be tried for IBS. Allwill have some effect in some people, but none will help in every person with IBS. So, if you are advised totry a particular treatment, it may be sensible to keep a symptom diary before and after the start of thetreatment. For example, before changing the amount of fibre that you eat, or taking a probiotic, or startingmedication. You may wish to jot down in the diary the type and severity of symptoms that you get each dayfor a week or so. Keep the diary going after you start treatment. You can then assess whether a treatmenthas improved symptoms or not. No treatment is likely to take away symptoms completely, but treatment canoften ease symptoms and improve your quality of life.
In most people with IBS, the condition tends to persist long-term. However, the severity of symptoms tendsto wax and wane and you may have long spells without any symptoms, or with only mild symptoms.
Treatment can often help to ease symptoms when they flare up. In a minority of cases, symptoms clear forgood at some stage.
IBS does not shorten your expected lifespan, it does not lead to cancer of the bowel, and does not causeblockages of the gut, or other serious conditions.
The IBS Network Tel: 0872 300 4537
Web:Offers advice, information and support for people with IBS.
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