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Service science at manchester
Services Sciences at Manchester: Bringing People, Business and Technology Together Liping Zhao Linda Macaulay Paul Verschueren Jonathan Adams
Before presenting these activities, this paper first describes
ABSTRACT
our environment within which these activities have been
IBM’s Services, Sciences, Management, and Engineering
(SSME) agenda proposes an emerging, multidisciplinary field that integrates a variety of technical and business
fields under a general concept of “services”. One important idea of the SSME agenda is innovative design in the 21st
Informatics at Manchester
century. This paper presents our SSME related activities
In September 2004, two leading universities in the United
around innovative business and curriculum design. Our
Kingdom, Victoria University of Manchester (VUM) and
business design focuses on IBM’s Patterns for e-business
University of Manchester Institute of Science and
whereas our curriculum design aims at providing students
Technology (UMIST), joined together to form the new
with new skills. These two activities are cross-fertilized
University of Manchester (UoM). As a result of this merge,
owing to our collaborations with IBM through IBM Faculty
a new “i-School”, the School of Informatics
Awards and the Strategic Partner Programme.
d from the old Department of Computation at UMIST, to
INTRODUCTION
pursue a new vision of computer science as the science of
IBM’s Services, Sciences, Management, and Engineering
information, systems and design. Located in the Faculty of
(SSME) agenda proposes an emerging, Humanities, Informatics draws upon a range of disciplines, multidisciplinary field that integrates a variety of technical
including computer science, design, psychology, business
and business fields under a general concept of “services”.
and management, to conduct multi-disciplinary study and
One important idea of the SSME agenda is innovative
design of computer systems for people, business and
design in the 21st century. In his lecture at the University of
information technology. Informatics’ education aim is to
Manchester, Wladawsky-Bergert forward two cases
equip the students with the new skills required for the 21st
of innovative design: business design and university
century, including technical, people and multidisciplinary
curriculum design. The purpose of designing business is to
identify its structure and components so that it can be
Clearly, Informatics’ vision is closely related to the SSME
integrated into a successful (and possibly global) enterprise;
the purpose of designing university curriculum is to help students understand techniques for use in enabling such a
IBM Faculty Awards
business. Although the SSME framework is yet to be
In 2004, Jonathan Adams, Distinguished Engineer at IBM,
defined and developed, we believe that it builds on two
sponsored an IBM Global Faculty Award to the then two
foundations—systems theory and design theory—and three
different universities, UMIST and VUM. The award was
corner stones—people, business and technology.
given to four academics, with Professor Linda Macaulay
This paper presents our SSME related activities around
(Computation, UMIST) and Professor Brian Warboys
innovative business and curriculum design. Our business
(Computer Science, VUM) as Principal Investigators and
design is a research activity based on IBM’s Patterns for e-
Dr Peter Kawalek (Manchester Business School, UMIST)
business whereas our curriculum design focuses on
and Dr Liping Zhao (Computation, UMIST) as Co-
providing students with new skills. These two activities are
cross-fertilized owing to our collaborations with IBM.
The original aim of the award was to bring together
UoM-IBM Strategic Partner Programme
researchers of different schools and disciplines to explore
The UoM-IBM Strategic Partner Programme was launched
IBM Patterns for e-business from three dimensions:
in January 2006 to explore areas of overlapping strategic
research, teaching and business. The actual effect of this
importance to both organizations across research, teaching
award, however, was far more significant. First, the award
and recruitment. We are four of the 12 partners appointed in
brought together researchers from two universities during a
the first year. It is also worth mentioning that of the six
time of change and in this respect the award facilitated an
partners from UoM, three partners are from Informatics:
understanding of and respect for differing perspectives.
Professor Linda Macaulay, Professor Bob Wood and Dr
Second, the award stimulated the development of a new
Liping Zhao. Table 1 summarizes the UoM-IBM partner
MSc programme at Informatics—MSc e-business programme. Clearly, this programme accords with the Technology—which would bring IBM’s Patterns to the
attention of a new generation of graduate students. Finally, the award led to a deeper interest in patterns. Such an
UK Network of Researchers in Services Sciences
interest would later become a common core for our pattern-
In order to bring together researchers from a range of
oriented SSME research under the UoM-IBM Strategic
disciplines across the UK to develop a shared understanding
and research agenda of SSME, Macaulay and Zhao are driving a proposal for the development of a UK Network of
Following the success of the first IBM Faculty Award,
Researchers in Services Sciences. Currently, 14 leading
Adams sponsored Macaulay and Zhao with a second award
academics from different UK universities have joined us to
in 2005, to encourage them to explore the role of Patterns
serve as the founding members of the proposed network;
for e-business in supporting the emerging Services Sciences
two leading companies, IBM and HP, have agreed to
discipline through research and teaching sponsor this network.
is award has further strengthened the relationship between
BUSINESS DESIGN USING PATTERNS
Informatics and IBM and helped to develop a new
IBM is a leading business designer who has developed a
collaboration with Paul Verschueren, Senior Consulting
large number of methods and technologies that support
Architect at IBM and Chair of IBM Patterns Governance
business design. Among these technologies are Component
Board. More importantly, the award has connected the four
Business Modeling (CBM), Service Oriented Modeling and
authors of this paper through a shared interest in patterns, to
Architecture (SOMA), and Patterns for e-business (P4eb).
explore the role of patterns in SSME for business design
CBM and SOMA are used to identify and describe the
and to teach the students this design approach.
business processes whereas P4eb map these processes onto the architectural components of the software systems.
P4eb was identified from thousands of successful IBM
Partners Programme
application development projects by Adams and his
(UoM/IBM)
of proven, reusable architectural components that can guide
the design, development, implementation and extension of
P4eb are organized into a hierarchy. At the top level are
four Business Patterns: Self-Service, Collaboration,
Information Aggregation and Extended Enterprise. These
four patterns represent four distinctive types of business
interaction. Specifically, Self-Service describes the
interaction between users and businesses; Collaboration
captures the interaction between users; Information
Aggregation represents the interaction between users and
data; Extended Enterprise expresses the interaction between
businesses. Each Business Pattern is specialized into a set
of Application Patterns, which, in turn, are further divided
into Runtime Patterns. An Application Pattern describes a
logical design of the system whereas a Runtime Pattern
suggests an implementation plan (product mapping) for the
system. Business Patterns are supported by other patterns such as Integration Patterns, which are Access Integration,
Table 1. The UoM-IBM Strategic Partner Programme.
for the front-end system integration, and Application Integration, for the back-end system integration.
We are conducting research to enhance P4eb in the
• Extend the Collaboration pattern family with new
patterns, such as facilitated collaboration patterns.
• Extend P4eb with business logic patterns. P4eb are the
solutions to the architectural design of the business
Combining the School’s strengths in Information Systems,
systems, but not the solutions for the business logic
Data and Knowledge Engineering, and Interactive Systems
design of the applications. Although the business logic
Design, the thrust of these new Master programmes is
solutions can be provided by other approaches, such as
human-centric business design and computing. The
CBM and SOMA, we are exploring a pattern-oriented
programmes provide the students who have a computing
approach to designing business logic and components.
related undergraduate degree with new and transferable skills required in the services sector. To help the students to
• Develop methods and tools for pattern organization and
choose a suitable programme, possible career paths are
selection. Although the top level of P4eb only has four
given for each programme. The programmes were in
Business Patterns, the number of patterns grows
operation in September 2005, with the first students
exponentially at the lower-levels. For example, there are
about 100 Application Patterns and hundreds of Runtime Patterns. Methods and tools that support effective pattern
Currently, all the programmes except MEnt have 7 taught
organization and selection are therefore urgently needed.
courses and one Dissertation Project whereas MEnt has 3 taught courses and one real world Enterprise Project.
We propose to use patterns to support business design in relation to SSME agenda for the following related reasons.
In the following sections, we briefly describe these four
programmes and their links to the SSME agenda. In
Patterns are a universal design concept. Either in art or
addition to these four programmes, a new MSc programme
engineering, patterns represent geometric arrangements
on e-services design has been planned for 2007, to be
of parts that can be used over again. For example,
patterns are used to design dresses, carpets, wallpapers, airplanes, building, and software , to name only a
MSc e-business Technology
few. As a design concept, patterns preserve tried, tested experience and best practice. Patterns mean goodness and
Today nearly every business involves some technology
support. The Internet has become the gateway to most businesses. E-business is therefore a norm for business.
• Patterns are a recurring phenomenon. Thus we can speak
This MSc programme equips the students with the skills in
of weather patterns, symptoms, DNA sequences,
analysis, design and development of e-business application
communication and control patterns, and behavioral
systems. Possible career paths for the students upon
successful completion of the programme include e-business
• Patterns are relationships between parts and wholes in
analysis and design, solutions development, and web
natural as well as artificial systemThus patterns
service development and web site design.
capture fundamental organizing principles and structures
Among other taught courses offered in this programme are
in systems, such as the structures of molecules, society,
e-business and Patterns for e-business Applications, which
directly address the SSME agenda. The e-business course
In addition, patterns give us an effective, common language
teaches the students the following components: (1) e-
for communication, so that we can say: “Let’s use Self-
business infrastructure and strategy; (2) supply chain
Service for this business application”, or “This is an
management and e-procurement; (3) customer relationship
Extended Enterprise problem.” Patterns, as in the form of
management; (4) e-marketing; (5) collaborative commerce;
IBM P4eb, are organized as a hierarchy. By using such a
(6) case studies. The Patterns for e-business Applications
hierarchy of patterns, we can decompose a problem space.
course teaches the students the following components: (1)
For example, the Self-Service pattern can be decomposed
relationships between business requirements and e-business
into different Application Patterns which are then divided
application architectures; (2) relationships between business
into different Runtime Patterns and so on. In this respect,
drivers and technologies; (3) IBM’s Patterns for e-business
patterns help us to reduce the design complexity.
as solutions for e-business application system design; (4) relationships between business processes and IBM Patterns;
SSME COURSE DESIGN
According to Wladawsky-Berger, UoM is among 11
These two courses are developed as a result of the two IBM
selected universities who have developed SSME courses. In
Faculty Awards described above and team-taught by the
particular, Informatics at UoM has introduced the following
four authors: Macaulay is the academic instructor for the e-
four new Master of Science (MSc) programmes.
business course with Adams as the industrial instructor;
Zhao is the academic instructor for Patterns for e-business
support scientists and organizations to conduct their
course with Verschueren as the industrial instructor. The
scientific investigation or business activities.
courses have attracted 80 students from the UK and abroad,
This programme helps the students to develop skills in
and proved to be very successful and popular among the
natural language processing, data mining and information
students. Students’ performance and feedback have
retrieval approaches; it equips the students with a variety of
indicated that patterns provide an effective pedagogical tool
career paths in bioinformatics or other organizations, as
to e-business application design and help the students to
service engineers to help the organizations discover useful
gain a better understanding of the relationship between
information and knowledge. The programme is taught by
UK’s National Text Mining Centre at Informatics and supported under an IBM Innovation Award.
MSc Business Information Technology This programme teaches the students the skills in business MEnt Informatics
modeling and information management. The students will
This is a distinctive and innovative programme, targeting
be equipped to follow career paths in IT management
both newly-graduated and established scientists and
including procurement, auditing, and marketing, as well as
engineers who wish to move into a small or a start-up
technical roles in database management, user and
technology-based company and helping them to develop
application support, and business analysis.
their own technology-based business concept.
In relation to the SSME agenda, this programme offers two
The main objective of the programme, which aligns closely
with the SSME agenda, is to provide the students with
• Enterprise Systems Modeling. Business operations have
knowledge and skills in the fields of technology, science
become increasingly complex. Understanding the
and business, enabling them to contribute fully to the
behavior and operations of the business is a precursor to
development of the knowledge-based economy.
the development of business application systems. Business modeling aims to offer such an understanding
CONCLUSION
and teaches the students modeling complex business
This paper has reported our SSME related research and
systems from three perspectives: strategic decision
teaching activities. Our research activity focuses on using
modeling, business process modeling and business
patterns for business design whereas our teaching activity
concentrates on designing new services courses for MSc
students. The paper has also outlined our collaborations
Information Management. Information has become a
with IBM. If there is a key message this paper wishes to
major asset and resource in modern organizations.
deliver, it is that SSME should take a systems approach to
Effective information management is essential to any
designing services systems for people, business and
business. This course teaches the students the techniques
technology; and patterns are an important concept to be
of information management from the following aspects:
(1) how to manage an organizational information resource strategically and operationally; (2) how to
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Patterns for e-business: A Strategy for Reuse, IBM
Unlike traditional information technology courses, this MSc
Press, 2001. Pattern descriptions also available at
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2. C. Alexander, The Timeless Way of Building, New
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3. F. Capra, The Web of Life, Flamingo. 1997.
4. E. Gamma, R. Helm, R. Johson, and J. Vlissides, Design MSc Text Mining Patterns. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1996.
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Viewpoint, BusinessWeek online, January 21st 2005.
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The Irving Wladawsky-Berger Lecture at the University
information haystack. Text mining is an exciting area to
of Manchester, 21 March, 2006. Available at
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