Durante mucho tiempo no había principios uniformes para la Atribución de nombres a los antibióticos https://antibioticos-wiki.es . Más a menudo se les llama por el nombre genérico o especie del producto, con menos frecuencia-de acuerdo con la estructura química. Algunos antibióticos se nombran de acuerdo con el lugar donde se asignó el producto.
Microsoft word - info for health professionals_final.doc
Information for Health Professionals: Smoking and Mental Health
While the relationship between smoking and mental health is at times complex, the evidence shows that
people with a mental health problem do want to quit and can do so safely.
The current rate of smoking in the Australian population is just less than 17%,1 yet for people with a mental
health problem the rate is about 32%.2 In some cases, such as for people with schizophrenia, the rate is up
to 62%.* The impact of this is that people with a mental health problem will experience a disproportionate
level of health, financial and social burden.
Health professionals have a key role to play in supporting people with mental health problems reduce and
For many the reasons are the same as for
anybody else – they tried it in adolescence and it is
Support: Continued support and encouragement
addictive. Other risk factors for smoking - limited
to anybody who is making a quit attempt is very
education, low-income, unemployment, adverse
important. It is often assumed that quitting
childhood experiences, having friends or family
smoking is too difficult for people with a mental
who smoke - are more common among people
health problem and that they are not interested.
Yet research tells us that just like anybody else,
people with a mental health problem want to
“I am very interested in quitting but at the
address their smoking.4,5 It may take a longer
same time it’s such a friend to me that’s been
amount of time and people with a mental health problem may need more intensive support, but
having a mental health problem is not an obstacle
There are other reasons for smoking that relate
“[As a smoker] I feel like an outcast and if
not to the nature of mental health but to the
you’ve got a mental disorder, that’s quite
cultures in which people with a mental health
problem are subjected - such as the smoking
personally than you’re average person.”
culture within the mental health sector.
There are a number of myths and assumptions
surrounding smoking and mental health. A
Quit Smoking Advice: Making a quit attempt
common and widely held belief is that smoking
requires proper planning. There are a number of
can help ease the symptoms of a range of mental
strategies people use to quit smoking and most
people do so without any clinical intervention.3 If a
schizophrenia, for example improving some
person does use nicotine replacement therapies
people’s ability to focus and perform tasks helping
(NRT), such as patches or lozenges, or other non-
to correct some of the organisational deficits
nicotine medications, Zyban (Bupropion) and
experienced by people with schizophrenia. While
Champix (Varenicline), it is important to check that
this may be biological y plausible, the evidence for
this theory is not strongly supported; the risks of
correctly. The most common problem with using
smoking far outweigh any perceived benefits of
pharmacotherapies is incorrect use which can
smoking, and the ‘benefits’ or improved focus may
lead people to mistake nicotine withdrawal
simply be due to relieving nicotine withdrawal
pharmacotherapies. There are a number of
Information for Health Professionals: Smoking & Mental Health
contraindications with Zyban and Champix for
Monitor Changes in Mental Health: There is little
people with mental health problems therefore
evidence to suggest that people with a mental
some caution and close monitoring of their use
health problem will experience a relapse in their
mental health – some people with a history of
depression can experience a relapse, others will
Pharmacotherapies are not a substitute for
not.9 A number of nicotine withdrawal symptoms
counselling or other support interventions and are
like sadness, anger, anxiety, depression,
in fact more effective when coupled with individual
irritability, restlessness and poor concentration
can be confused with symptoms of a mental
health problem, but often subside after about two
“I quit smoking 2 months ago and feel fine
weeks.8 This range of withdrawal symptoms is
about it and my health is going well, even my
normal for anybody giving up smoking and is not
medication has had to be reduced. I’ve also
necessarily a symptom of a relapse in a mental
been saving money that I would be spending
“I was spending $70 a week and then I got
sick of it. Now I just spend my money on
DVD’s or anything else but cigarettes.”
Medication Review: It is important that any person
who has either reduced or quit smoking and is
taking any psychiatric medications undergo a
medication review. The SANE guidelines for
General Practitioners recommends closely
Smoke and Mirrors: A review of the literature on
Smoking can affect the dosage of a number of psychiatric medications; some may need to be
by Mark Ragg and Dr. Tanya Ahmed (2008).
increased, some may need to be decreased and
for others there is a variable or unknown effect.3
http://www.cancercouncil.com.au/html/prevention/smok
Some of these medications include clozapine,
ing_tobacco/tacklingtobacco/downloads/Smoke_mirror
fluphenazine, decanoate, haloperidol and
For more information and other information sheets go to:
Cancer Council NSW, Tackling Tobacco Program – http://www.cancercouncil.com.au/tacklingtobacco The Mental Health Coordinating Council, breathe easy project – http://www.mhcc.org.au
This information sheet was developed by the Cancer Council NSW and the
as part of the Tackling Tobacco Program, 2009.
1 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2007) National Drug Strategy Household Survey: First results. Drug Statistics Series Number 20. Cat. No. PHE 98. Canberra: AIHW. 2 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006) Mental Health in Australia: A Snapshot, 2004-05. cat. no. 4824.0.55.001. Canberra: ABS
* This figure is an average smoking rate for people with schizophrenia taken from studies across 20 countries. 3 Ragg, M. and Ahmed, T. (2008). Smoke and Mirrors: A review of the literature on smoking and mental illness. Tackling Tobacco Program Research Series No. 1. Sydney: Cancer Council NSW.
4 Moeller-Saxone, K., Tobias, G. & Helyer, K. (2005) Expanding choices for smokers with a mental illness: smoking rates, desire to change and program implementation in a day program. New
5 Baker, A., Richmond, R., Haile, M., Lewin, T.J., Carr, V.J., Taylor, R.L., Constable, P.M, Jansons, S., Wilhelm, K. and Moeller-Saxone, K. (2007). Characteristics of smokers with a psychotic disorder and implications for smoking interventions. Psychiatry Research, 150(2): 141-152. 6 Campion J, Checinski, K. and Nurse, J. 2008. Review of smoking cessation treatments for people with mental illness, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 14: 208–216.
7 Strasser, M. (2001) Smoking Reduction and Cessation for people with Schizophrenia: Guidelines for General Practitioners. SANE Australia and University of Melbourne. 8 Zwar N, Richmond R, Borland R, Stillman S, Cunningham M, Litt J. (2004) Smoking cessation guidelines for Australian general practice: practice handbook. Canberra: Commonwealth Dept of Health and Ageing.
9 el-Guebaly, N., Cathcart, J., Currie, S.R., Brown, D. & Gloster, S. (2002) Smoking Cessation Approaches for Person with Mental Illness or Addictive Disorders. Psychiatric Services, 53: 1166-1170.
Information for Health Professionals: Smoking & Mental Health
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