Durante mucho tiempo no había principios uniformes para la Atribución de nombres a los antibióticos https://antibioticos-wiki.es . Más a menudo se les llama por el nombre genérico o especie del producto, con menos frecuencia-de acuerdo con la estructura química. Algunos antibióticos se nombran de acuerdo con el lugar donde se asignó el producto.
Ash poster 2822 eriksson
A Pooled Analysis of Four Pivotal Studies of Rivaroxaban for the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism after Orthopaedic Surgery: Effects of Specified Co-medications Bengt I Eriksson1, Alexander GG Turpie2, Michael R Lassen3, Ajay K Kakkar3,4,5, Frank Misselwitz6, Tiemo J Bandel6, Martin Homering6, Torsten Westermeier6, Michael Gent21Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden; 2McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; 3Nordsjællands Hospital, Hoersholm, Denmark; 4Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK; 5Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK; 6Bayer HealthCare AG, Wuppertal, Germany
◆ There was no restriction on the choice of a specific drug or on the
◆ Co-medication prevalence (proportion of patient-days with
◆ Rate ratios for use versus non-use of concomitant NSAIDs were
Introduction
dose of NSAIDs and platelet aggregation inhibitors or ASA in the
co-medication) of NSAID use decreased over time (62% vs 62% for
similar between the rivaroxaban and the enoxaparin/placebo
days 1–3, 51% vs 52% for days 4–7, and 29% vs 28% for the time
groups for any bleeding and major or clinically relevant non-major
period after day 7 for the rivaroxaban and enoxaparin/placebo
treatment groups). Prevalence of co-medication with platelet
◆ The concomitant use of platelet aggregation inhibitors or ASA in
RECORD is a pivotal clinical trial program investigating
aggregation inhibitors or ASA stayed more constant over the
the rivaroxaban group also showed rate ratios similar to those
treatment period with small increases from approximately 3% to
rivaroxaban – an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor – for the
obtained in the enoxaparin/placebo group for both bleeding
5% over these time intervals in both groups
prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after
◆ Approximately 70% of patients reported concomitant use (at least
elective total hip or knee replacement (THR and TKR)
once) of NSAIDs and 9% reported concomitant use of platelet
aggregation inhibitors or ASA in both groups (Table 1)
Table 2. Relative bleeding rates for co-medication use versus non-use: RECORD1–4 pool
◆ It comprised four multinational, randomized, Type of co-medication Bleeding endpoint* Rivaroxaban 10 mg od Enoxaparin/placebo double-blind, double-dummy phase III studies Table 1. Number and proportion (%) of subjects with co-medication use (n=6,093) (n=6,107) (RECORD1, 2, 3, and 4) in patients undergoing THR or TKR surgery, and compared rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily Concomitant drugs Rivaroxaban Enoxaparin/ (od) with enoxaparin 40 mg od or 30 mg twice daily (bid)1–4 Figure 1. Illustration of RECORD1–4 study pools. (n=6,093) (n=6,107) Patients (N=12,729) were randomized to receive oral rivaroxaban 10 mg od starting 6–8 hours after surgery, or NSAIDs† subcutaneous enoxaparin 40 mg od starting the evening before surgery (RECORD1–3), or 30 mg bid starting 12–24 hours after wound closure or adequate
◆ The prespecified analyses focused on adjudicated bleeding
hemostasis (RECORD4)
events – the composite of major bleeding and non-major bleeding,
◆ Those patients undergoing THR received rivaroxaban or
as well as the composite of major bleeding and clinically relevant
non-major bleeding – after the first postoperative tablet intake
enoxaparin for 31–39 days in RECORD1, and rivaroxaban
(rivaroxaban or matching placebo) and up to 2 days after the last
for 31–39 days or enoxaparin for 10–14 days followed by placebo in RECORD2
◆ Co-medication use was evaluated over time and relative bleeding
rates with and without the co-medication were calculated for the
In RECORD3 and 4 (TKR), prophylaxis was for 10–14 days
rivaroxaban and enoxaparin/placebo groups separately
◆ A pooled analysis of the results of all four RECORD
◆ Days between co-medication start and stop and the 2 days following
studies evaluated the effect of rivaroxaban on the
the co-medication stop date (if stopped) were analyzed as being
composite of symptomatic VTE and all-cause mortality,
*Post-tablet definition excludes bleeding prior to the first (blinded) postoperative tablet intake. Rate ratio (relative rates) calculated for the period from date of surgery to final
◆ The time relative to surgery (day of surgery was day 1) was stratified
medication date +2 days or until bleeding onset. ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; CI, confidence interval; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; od, once daily. and bleeding
into three time periods (days 1–3, days 4–7, and day 7 onwards),
based on the consideration that the risk of a first bleeding event
decreases over time after surgery, and the prevalence of
References and Disclosures Conclusion
Analyses were conducted in all subjects who underwent surgery and
1. Eriksson BI et al. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2765–2775.
had a tablet (rivaroxaban or matching placebo) administered.
2. Kakkar AK et al. Lancet 2008;372:31–39. Objectives Platelet aggregation
Bleeding rates were recorded for each time period and rate ratios
inhibitors or ASA‡
3. Lassen MR et al. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2776–2786.
(relative rates) were derived using stratified Mantel–Haenszel
4. Turpie AGG et al. Available at: http://www.efort.org/cdrom2008/F85.pdf.
The aim of the present subgroup analysis was to investigate
◆ This RECORD1–4 analysis shows that the concomitant use
This study was supported by Bayer HealthCare AG and Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research &
potential drug–drug interactions with specified co-medications, by
◆ Bleeding events starting post-tablet intake and during the at-risk
of NSAIDs, or platelet aggregation inhibitors or ASA was
Development, L.L.C. Bengt I Eriksson and Michael R Lassen are consultants for and have received honoraria
describing the risk of bleeding after first tablet intake in the total
period, which extended from the day of surgery until the last day of
from Bayer HealthCare. Alexander GG Turpie is a consultant for, has received honoraria from, and has
associated with a small increase in bleeding risk. The
membership on the board of directors or advisory committees of Bayer HealthCare and Johnson & Johnson.
study duration pool of all four RECORD studies (Figure 1)
study medication intake +2 days or until event onset (recurrent
bleedings were not included in the analyses), were considered
Ajay K Kakkar is a consultant for and received honoraria and research funding from Bayer HealthCare. Frank
magnitude of the increase was similar in patients treated
Misselwitz, Tiemo J Bandel, Martin Homering, and Tortsen Westermeier are employed by Bayer HealthCare AG.
◆ The co-medications investigated were non-steroidal
◆ Co-medications were defined via the WHO-Drug Dictionary: NSAIDs
Michael Gent has no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose. The data contained within this poster do not
with rivaroxaban 10 mg od and the studied enoxaparin
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and platelet aggregation
*Co-medication used at least once between the date of surgery and the last date of study
support or recommend the use of rivaroxaban in any countries in which it is not approved.
(Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical [ATC] code M01A) and platelet
medication intake +2 days. †Drugs/ingredients used by at least 50 rivaroxaban subjects. treatment regimens
inhibitors or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) – frequently used medications
aggregation inhibitors or ASA (ATC code B01AC or
‡Drugs/ingredients used by at least five rivaroxaban subjects. ASA, acetylsalicylic acid;
Abstract 1986 presented at the American Society of Hematology (ASH) 50th Annual Meeting and Exposition,
known to have a pharmacodynamic effect on bleeding
multiple-ingredient drugs containing ASA)
NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; od, once daily.
San Francisco, CA, USA; December 6–9, 2008
http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/avian_faqs/en/ What is avian influenza? Avian influenza, or “bird flu”, is a contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally infect only birds and, less commonly, pigs. Avian influenza viruses are highly species-specific, but have, on rare occasions, crossed the species barrier to infect humans. In domestic poultry, infectio
Abstract. We show that there do not exist finitely generated,non-principal ideals of denominators in the disk-algebra A(D). Ourproof involves a new factorization theorem for A(D) that is basedon Treil’s determination of the Bass stable rank for H∞. Let H∞ be the uniform algebra of bounded analytic functions onthe open unit disk D and let A(D) denote the disk-algebra; that is thesubalgebra