4815 West Markham Street-Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-3867-Telephone (501) 661-2000
Paul K. Halverson, DrPH, Interim Director Mike Huckabee, Governor
July 28, 2005 Clostridium sordellii Toxic Shock Syndrome After Medical Abortion with Mifepristone and Intravaginal Misoprostol --- United States and Canada, 2001—2005; MMWR, July 22, 2005
On July 19, 2005, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a public health advisory regarding the deaths of four women in the United States after medical abortions with Mifeprex® (mifepristone, formerly RU-486; Danco Laboratories, New York, New York) and intravaginal misoprostol. Two of these deaths occurred in 2003, one in 2004, and one in 2005. Two of these U.S. cases had clinical illness consistent with toxic shock and had evidence of endometrial infection with Clostridium sordellii, a gram-positive, toxin-forming anaerobic bacteria. In addition, a fatal case of C. sordellii toxic shock syndrome after medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol was reported in 2001, in Canada. All three cases of C. sordellii infection were notable for lack of fever, and all had refractory hypotension, multiple effusions, hemoconcentration, and a profound leukocytosis. C. sordellii previously has been described as a cause of pregnancy-associated toxic shock syndrome.
Investigation by FDA, CDC, and state and local health departments into the two most recently identified U.S. deaths after medical abortion is ongoing. Empiric therapy for patients suspected of having postpartum or postabortion toxic shock syndrome should include antimicrobials with anaerobic activity against Clostridium species. Health-care providers are encouraged to report any cases of postpartum or postabortion toxic shock syndrome to their state or local health department and to CDC at telephone 800-893-0485. Cases potentially associated with use of mifepristone or misoprostol should also be reported through the FDA MedWatch system or telephone 800-FDA-1088.
New Study Demonstrates Simple Hand Washing with Soap Can Save Children’s Lives
Hand washing with soap can reduce the number of pneumonia-related infections in children under the age of five by more than 50 percent, according to a study published in The Lancet. The research, conducted in Pakistan by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and P&G Beauty, a division of The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G), is the first field study to show that hand washing can help prevent pneumonia, the leading killer of children under age 5 worldwide.
The study in The Lancet’s July 16 edition, also showed that hand washing with soap significantly reduced the number of diarrheal infections, the second leading cause of death in children under age 5. In addition, there was a 47 percent reduction in the prevalence of impetigo, a skin infection, in children who bathed daily with soap.
“Hand washing with soap is something that is within the reach of hundreds of millions of at-risk families worldwide,” said Dr. Stephen Luby, the study’s lead investigator and a medical epidemiologist at CDC. “This research can be used by families worldwide to greatly improve the health and save the lives of their children.”
Acute respiratory infections account for an estimated 2 million children’s deaths a year. Nearly 75 percent of those who die are less than a year old. Approximately 5 to 10 percent of all children living in developing countries under the age of 5 develop pneumonia each year. When combined, diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections, both prevalent in low-income communities, kill an estimated 4 million children under the age 5 each year.
“Many people, even in well-developed countries like the United States, do not realize that they should wash their hands with soap and water for at least 15 seconds, and that water alone is not as effective,” said Tim Long, Ph.D., a principal scientist with P&G Beauty, which provided the soap used in the study. “Parents should encourage children to wash their hands with soap and water as long as it takes them to sing their ABCs.”
About the Study
The study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, was designed to measure the health impact of improving hand washing and bathing with soap in low-income communities with highly polluted environments. The study examined more than 900 households in squatter settlements over a one-year period ending in March 2003. Approximately 600 households received a regular supply of soap; half received plain soap and half received antibacterial soap. A 300-household control group received school supplies.
Field workers visited households weekly for one year to encourage hand washing by residents in soap households and to record disease symptoms in all households. Teaching proper hand washing and bathing techniques to study participants was a critical part of the research.
Researchers found that incidence of disease did not differ significantly between households given plain soap versus antibacterial soap. The mechanical activity of vigorous hand washing with soap removes dirt and pathogens from hands, and is the primary factor in prevention of disease. It’s important to note researchers did not expect to see any advantage in using antibacterial soap against diarrhea and pneumonia.
“This research is meaningful for all societies. However, particularly in developing countries where mothers may be uneducated and environmental hygienic conditions unsatisfactory, simple hand washing with soap has proven to be a cost effective public health intervention,” said the study’s co-investigator Dr. Mubina Agboatwalla, of the Health Oriented Preventative Education (HOPE) Center. The HOPE Center is a local non-governmental organization in Karachi, Pakistan, that performed the health education for study participants and collected the data during regular home visits.
CDC and P & G Beauty Collaboration
Since 1995, the collaboration between CDC and P&G Beauty has been a model for public-private partnerships. As a part of their broad missions to advance the science of health, CDC and P&G have worked together on various projects through a cooperative research and development agreement.
“Our collaboration with P&G since 1995 has been a model for public-private partnerships,” said Dr. Luby. “P&G Beauty’s strong commitment to this work contributes to public health globally.”
For the hand washing study, P&G Beauty provided the majority of the funding, along with the soap used in the study. CDC researchers developed the study, analyzed the findings and drafted the Lancet manuscript.
Lab Testing and Collection
For those of you that need to obtain and submit laboratory samples to the Arkansas Department of Health, here is an e-mail address which will take you to our lab site. It will tell you what tests we run as well as how to collect the specimen and how long it will take to obtain the results.
If you have any questions please feel free to contact Dr. Sandy Snow at 501-661-2102, or fax to 501-661-2300 or e-mail to ssnow@healthyarkansas.com
Témoignage de MC En 2006 j’ai subi une mastectomie du sein droit suite à un cancer du sein, après un traitement de chimiothérapie. Quand je commence mes recherches début 2007, je viens de terminer ma radiothérapie et je commence à me renseigner sans vraiment être très convaincue par la reconstruction. Je fais cette démarche histoire d’aller au bout de ma réflexion et d’en faire le
Editorial Citrulline, Viagra® and BiDil® – Bad Medicine “Pfizer will someday come out with a 5 milligram Viagra (Sildenafil) for cardiovascular use,” I said in the summer of 2004 to Suzy Cohen, America’s “Dear Pharmacist” columnist. Although she debated the long-term use of Viagra with me, Suzy did agree that in the pharmaceutical world, the financial returns from FDA appro