Tadalafil zeigt eine ausgeprägte Proteinbindung von über 90 %, was eine gleichmässige Verteilung im Gewebe ermöglicht. Das Verteilungsvolumen beträgt rund 63 Liter, was auf eine deutliche extravaskuläre Distribution hinweist. Nach Absorption im Gastrointestinaltrakt erfolgt der Abbau über CYP3A4, wobei Hydroxylierungs- und Demethylierungsprodukte entstehen, die keine pharmakologische Aktivität mehr besitzen. Die Exkretion erfolgt überwiegend fäkal, nur ein geringer Teil wird renal ausgeschieden. Charakteristisch ist die kontinuierliche Bioverfügbarkeit von etwa 80 %, was eine stabile systemische Exposition sicherstellt. Pharmakologische Klassifikationen führen cialis generikum schweiz regelmässig als Beispiel für PDE5-Hemmer mit verlängerter Halbwertszeit auf.
Haemo_14_2010_15_juni_literatur_ohne.indd
References 1) Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 16/12000, Bericht des Ausschusses für Bildung, Forschung und Technikfolgenabschätzung. Zukunftsreport Individualisierte Medizin und Gesundheitssystem (http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/16/120/1612000.pdf) 2) Heimpel H, Wendt F. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia with karyorrhexis and multinuclearity of erythroblasts. Helv Med Acta. 1968 ; 34:103-115 3) Crookston JH, Crookston MC, Burnie KL, et al. Hereditary erythroblastic multinuclearity associated with a positive acidifi ed- serum test: a type of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 1969; 17:11-26 4) Wickramasinghe SN. Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemias: clinical features, haematological morphology and new bioche- mical data. Blood Rev. 1998; 12:178-200 5) Delaunay J, Iolascon A. The congenital dyserythropoietic anaemias. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 1999; 12:691-705 6) Heimpel H, Iolascon, A. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia in Disorders ofhomeostasis, erythrocytes, erythropoiesis (eds. Beaumont,C., Beris,Ph., Beuzard,Y. & Brugnara,C.) 178-201 (European School of Haematology, Paris, 2009 7) Heimpel H, Anselstetter V, Chrobak L, et al. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II: epidemiology, clinical appearance, and prognosis based on long-term observation. Blood. 2003; 102:4576-4581 8) Heimpel H, Kellermann K, Neuschwander N, et al. The morphological diagnosis of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia: Results of a quantitative analysis of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells. Haematologica. Im Druck 9) Queisser W, Spiertz E, Jost E, Heimpel H. Proliferation disturbances of erythroblasts in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I and II. Acta Haematol. 1971; 45:65-76 10) Denecke J, Kranz C, Nimtz M, et al. Characterization of the N-glycosylation phenotype of erythrocyte membrane proteins in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDA II/HEMPAS). Glycoconj J. 2008; 25:375-382 11) Schwarz K, Iolascon A, Verissimo F, et al. Mutations affecting the secretory COPII coat component SEC23B cause congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II. Nat Genet. 2009; 41:936-40 12) Bianchi P, Fermo E, Vercellati C, et al. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDAII) is caused by mutations in the SEC23B gene. Hum Mutat. 2009; 30:1292-1298 13) Iolascon A, Russo R, Esposito MR, et al. Molecular analysis of forty two CDAII patients: New mutations in the SEC23B gene. Search for a genotype-phenotype relationship. Haematologica, Im Druck14) Daniels G, Reid ME. Blood groups: the past 50 years. Transfusion 2010; 50:281-289 15) Daniels G. et al. International Society of Blood Transfusion committee on terminology for red cell surface antigens: Macao report. Transfusion 2009; 96:153-156 16) Westhoff CM. Molecular testing for transfusion medicine. Current Opinion in Hematology 2006; 13: 471-475 17) Reid ME. Applications in DNA-based assays in blood group antigen and antibody identifi cation. Transfusion 2003; 43:1748- 18) Flegel WA. Blood group genotyping in Germany. Transfusion 2007; 47:47S-53S 19) Veldhuisen B, van der Schoot, CE, de Haas GM. Blood group genotyping: from patient to high throughput donor screening. Vox Sanguinis 2009; 97:198-206 20) Quill E. Blood-maching goes genetic. Science 2008; 319:1478-1479 21) Richtlinien zur Gewinnung von Blut und Blutbestandteilen und zur Anwendung von Blutprodukten (Hämotherapie) Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag 2007 (ISBN 978-3-7691-1250-4)22) Avent ND et al. The BloodGen project: toward mass-scale comprehensive genotyping of blood donors in the European Union and beyond. Transfusion 2007; 47:40S-46S 23) Hashmi G. Red blood cell antigen phenotype by DNA analysis. Transfusion 2007; 47:60S-63S 24) Wagner FF, Döscher A, Bittner R, Petershofen EK. Identifying donors with specifi c antigen combinations by multiplex PCR and pooled capillary electrophoresis [abstract]. Transfus Med Hemother 2007; 34 (Suppl.1)
Haemo_14_2010_15_juni_literatur_ohne.indd 72
Haemo_14_2010_15_juni_literatur_ohne.indd 72
25) Wagner FF, Bittner R, Petershofen EK, Doescher A, Müller TH. Cost-effi cient sequence-specifi c priming-polymerase chain reaction screening for blood donors with rare phenotypes. Transfusion 2008; 48:1169-1173 26) Grootkerk-Tax MG, Soussan AA, de Haas M, Maaskant-van Wijk PA, van der Schoot CE. Evaluation of prenatal RHD typing strategies on cell-free fetal DNA from maternal plasma. Transfusion 2006; 46:2142-2148 27) Legler TJ et al. Prediction of fetal RhD and Rh CcEe phenotype from maternal plasma with real-time polymerase chain reac- tion. Transfus Apher Sci 2002; 27:217-23 28) Grootkerk-Tax MG, Maaskant-van Wijk PA, van Drunen J., van der Schoot CE. The highly variable RH locus in non-white persons hampers RHD zygosity determination but yields more insight into RH-related evolutionary events. Transfusion 2005; 45:327-337 29) Flegel WA. How I manage donors and patients with a weak D phenotype. Current Opinion in Hematology 2006; 13:476-483 30) Flegel WA, von Zabern I, Wagner FF. Six year´s experience performing RHD genotyping to confi rm D- red blood cell units in Germany for preventing anti-D immunizations. Transfusion 2009; 49:465-71 31) Daniels G. Functions of red cell surface proteins. Vox Sanguinis 2007; 93:331-340 32) Mohandas N, Gallagher PG. Red cell membrane: past, present, and future. Blood 2008; 112:3939-3948 33) Bessler M, Schaefer A, Keller P. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: insights from recent advances in molecular biology. Transfus Med Rev 2001; 15:255-267 34) Nydegger UE et al. Histo-blood group antigens as allo- and autoantigens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1050:40-51 35) Greinacher A, Bux J, Salama A. Autoimmune Thrombozytopenie, Neutropenie und Hämolyse. Internist 2009; 50: 276-290 36) Ouwehand WH, Navarrete C. The Molecular Basis of Blood Cell Alloantigens. In Molecular Hematology, 2nd edition, Provan D, Gribben JG (eds), Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007; 225-24037) Lucas GF, Metcalfe P. Platelet and granulocyte glycoprotein polymorphisms. Transfus Med 2000; 10: 157-174 38) Nguyen XD, Dugrillon A, Beck C, Kerowgan M, Klüter H. A novel method for simultaneous analysis of specifi c platelet antibo- dies: SASPA. Br J Haematol 2004; 127: 552-560 39) Curtis BR. Genotyping for human platelet alloantigen polymorphisms: applications in the diagnosis of alloimmune platelet disorders. Semin Thromb Hemost 2008; 34: 539-548 40) Hurd CM, Cavanagh G, Schuh A, Ouwehand WH, Metcalfe P. Genotyping for platelet-specifi c antigens: techniques for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Vox Sang 2002; 83: 1-12 41) Bugert P, Lese A, Meckies J, Zieger W, Eichler H, Klüter H. Optimized sensitivity of allele-specifi c PCR for prenatal typing of human platelet alloantigen single nucleotide polymorphisms. Biotechniques 2003; 35: 170-174 42) McBride S. Real-Time PCR assays for high-throughput human platelet antigen typing. In DNA and RNA profi ling in human blood, Bugert P (ed), Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. Methods in Molecular Biology 2009; 496: 39-49 43) Bugert P, McBride S, Smith G, Dugrillon A, Klüter H, Ouwehand WH, Metcalfe P. Microarray based genotyping for blood groups; comparison of gene array and nuclease assay techniques using HPA as a model. Transfusion 2005; 45: 654-659 44) Bux J. Human neutrophil alloantigens. Vox Sang 2008; 94: 277-285 45) Nguyen XD, Flesch B, Sachs UJ, Kroll H, Klüter H, Müller-Steinhardt M. Rapid screening of granulocyte antibodies with a novel assay: Flow cytometric granulocyte immunofl uorescence test. Transfusion 2009; 49: 2700-2708 46) Greinacher A, Wesche J, Hammer E, Fürll B, Völker U, Reil A, Bux J. Characterization of the human neutrophil alloantigen-3a. Nat Med 2010; 16: 45-48 47) Oldenburg J, Pavlova A. Genetic risk factors for inhibitors to factor VIII and IX. Haemophilia 2006, 12 (Suppl. 6), 15-22 48) Schneppenheim R (2004). Molecular genetics of von Willebrand disease. Hamostaseologie; 24:37-43 49) Palareti G, Leali N, Coccheri S et al. Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: an inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISCOAT). Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy. Lancet 1996; 348: 432–438
Haemo_14_2010_15_juni_literatur_ohne.indd 73
Haemo_14_2010_15_juni_literatur_ohne.indd 73
50) Geisen C, Watzka M, Sittinger K et al. VKORC1 haplotypes and their impact on the inter-individual and inter-ethnical variability of oral anticoagulation. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94: 773–779 51) Rieder MJ, Reiner AP, Gage BF et al. Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2285–2293 52) Yuan HY, Chen JJ, Lee MT et al. A novel functional VKORC1 promoter polymorphism is associated with inter-individual and inter-ethnic differences in warfarin sensitivity. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14: 1745–1751 53) Rost S, Fregin A, Ivaskevicius V et al. Mutations in VKORC1 cause wafarin resistance and multiple coagulation factor defi cien- cy type 2. Nature 2004; 427: 537–541 54) Oldenburg J, Bevans CG, Fregin A, Geisen C, et al. Current pharmacogenetic developments in oral anticoagulation therapy: the infl uence of variant VKORC1 and CYP2C9 alleles. Thromb Haemost 2007; 98(3): 570-8 55) Reid ME, Lomas-Francis C. The blood group Antigen FactsBook. Elsevier 2002 (ISBN 0-12-586585-6) 56) Daniels G. Human blood groups. Blackwell 2002 (ISBN 0-632-056460) 57) Daniels G. The molecular genetics of blood group polymorphism. Hum Genet 2009; 126:729-742 58) Daniels G. Structure and function of red cell surface antigens. ISBT Science Series 2006; 1: 3-8 Additional Links
Blood group mutation database: www.bioc.aecom.yu.edu/bgmut/index.htm
Working Group "Rare Blood Groups“of Section V (Immunohaematology/Gene Technology) of DGTI: www.seltene-blutgruppen.de
Haemo_14_2010_15_juni_literatur_ohne.indd 74
Haemo_14_2010_15_juni_literatur_ohne.indd 74
Radiation Management Of Prostate Cancer An OvervieW Table of Contents THE PROSTATE GLAND ….…………………………………………….……….….2 PROSTATE CANCER.……………………………………….………………….……2 PATIENT EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTING …………….….….3-5 MANAGEMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER AN OVERVIEW OF APPROACHES
THIS IS A GUIDANCE DOCUMENT AND SHOULD NOT BE INTERPRETED AS A REPLACEMENT TO THE RULES. The rules for classifying and coding industrial wastes andhazardous wastes may be found in 30 Texas AdministrativeCode (TAC) Sections (§§) 335.501-.521 (Subchapter R). Texas Commission on Environmental QualityTexas Commission on Environmental Quality Kathleen Hartnett White, Chairman R. B. “R